Tak seperti Hari Raya Idul Fitri tahun-tahun sebelumnya, Dewi, karyawan swasta yang bekerja di Jakarta, memutuskan untuk tak mudik ke kampung halaman. Mudik atau pulang kampung adalah tradisi di mana warga yang merantau pulang untuk berhari raya bersama keluarganya di desa.
"Ya cukup kesepian, lebaran cuma bersama teman-teman kos. Biasanya merayakan Lebaran bersama keluarga di Yogyakarta bertemu orang tua, adik-adik, maupun sanak saudara," ujar perempuan 37 tahun itu pada medio Mei 2020. “Cuma mau bagaimana lagi, kita harus menerima kondisi ini dengan ikhlas dan tabah agar tidak sedih. Apalagi sampai depresi.”
Dewi dan jutaan perantau di Ibu Kota tak bisa pulang kampung karena pemerintah Indonesia melakukan karantina wilayah atau disebut Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) di beberapa kota termasuk Jakarta, untuk menekan penyebaran virus Corona baru penyebab COVID-19.
Salah satu akibat dari aturan ini adalah masyarakat tidak bisa bepergian dari dan ke kota yang sedang menjalani PSBB. Layanan transportasi umum antar kota baik itu pesawat, kereta maupun bus dihentikan. Di dalam kota, kapasitas angkutan umum dibatasi. Bus dalam kota hanya boleh memuat penumpang sebanyak setengah dari total kursi.
Tapi penyebaran Covid-19 di Indonesia tak melambat. Sejak Presiden Joko Widodo atau Jokowi mengumumkan kasus positif pertama Covid-19 pada 2 Maret 2020, jumlah yang tertular terus bertambah.
Unlike previous Eid celebrations, Dewi, a migrant worker from Yogyakarta currently residing in Jakarta, decided not to travel to her hometown in this year’s homecoming or ‘mudik.’ The latter is a term describing the act of celebrating the end of Ramadan with family members back at one’s hometown.
“I feel pretty lonely, celebrating the Eid with fellow dorm friends. I usually celebrate Eid together with my parents, siblings, and close relatives in Yogyakarta,” said the 37-year-old back in May. “But what else can I do, this is the condition that I must accept whole-heartedly to not dwell in sorrow. Moreover, depression.”
Dewi joins millions of other migrant workers in the Capital City who are unable to return to their hometown after the government imposed a regional quarantine known as the large-scale social restriction (PSBB) over a number of regions, which include Jakarta, to suppress the spread of the new coronavirus or COVID-19.
This policy halted the mobility of people between cities that have imposed the PSBB. Public transportation connecting regions either by air or land had been stopped. Within city boundaries, the capacity of public transport was restricted as inner-city buses are only permitted to carry half its maximum capacity.
However, after imposing the restriction, Indonesia’s COVID-19 curve has yet flattened. Ever since President Joko Widodo announced the first recorded case back on March 2, 2020, the number of cases continues to grow.
Hingga 16 Juni 2020, sudah ada 40.400 orang yang terkonfirmasi positif mengidap Covid-19, di Indonesia. Tertinggi di DKI Jakarta dengan 9.222 kasus positif.
Jawa Timur menyusul di urutan kedua terparah. Terdapat 8.308 orang yang positif terinfeksi Covid-19 di provinsi ini. Sulawesi Selatan menempati urutan ketiga dengan 3.116 kasus positif.
Bersamaan dengan munculnya kasus pertama Covid-19 di Indonesia, banyak pakar epidemiologi dan kesehatan mendesak Presiden Jokowi menutup total atau lockdown Ibu Kota. Kala itu penyebaran virus Corona diketahui masih terbatas di Jakarta dan kota penyangga seperti Depok dan Bogor. Akan tetapi Presiden memilih PSBB
Dalam rapat terbatas pada 24 Maret 2020, pemerintah pusat meminta provinsi atau daerah yang hendak menerapkan PSBB untuk meminta izin terlebih dahulu. Presiden Joko Widodo tidak mengambil langkah lockdown atau karantina wilayah karena dianggap kurang pas dengan karakter Indonesia.
Up until June 16, 40,400 people have been confirmed positive for COVID-19 in Indonesia. The highest recorded cases in a single region remain to be in Jakarta with 9,222 positive cases.
With 8,308 positive cases until June 16, 2020, East Java has started to turn into a hub for the spread of COVID-19. Meanwhile, South Sulawesi had ranked third with 3,116 positive cases.
Coinciding with Indonesia’s first recorded COVID-19 case, many epidemiologists and health experts appealed to President Joko Widodo to impose a total capital city lockdown as the spread was still known to be within Jakarta and nearby satellite cities in Depok and Bogor. However, the president settled for PSBB.
On March 24, the government held a limited meeting requesting provinces and regions to submit formal requests to impose PSBB restrictions. The President argued against lockdowns and regional quarantines as it does not fit with Indonesia’s character.
Ada beberapa syarat yang mesti dipenuhi oleh sebuah provinsi yang hendak melakukan karantina wilayah. Pertama, setiap pemimpin daerah harus menyiapkan data jumlah dan kasus kematian karena Covid-19, serta data epidemiologi atau pola penyebaran penyakit di daerah lain yang terhubung dengan daerahnya.
Pemerintah daerah juga membutuhkan data pendukung seperti angka peningkatan kasus positif Covid-19 menurut waktu, kurva epidemiologi dan peta penyebaran.
Kemudian pemda harus menghitung anggaran untuk mendukung tiga kegiatan utama, yaitu: pemenuhan alat kesehatan; menghidupkan industri yang mendukung kegiatan PSBB; dan memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dasar masyarakat dasar melalui bantuan sosial. Selain itu pemda juga harus siap dari segi keamanan.
Setelah semua syarat terpenuhi, Kementerian Kesehatan akan memproses izin untuk daerah yang hendak memberlakukan PSBB.
The government requires provinces to fulfill a number of aspects before imposing the regional quarantine. Each regional leader must provide the central government with data on the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths, and also epidemiology records on the spread of the virus in nearby regions that are connected to the region that has submitted for a PSBB permit.
Each regional administration would have to be equipped with supporting data such as confirmed COVID-19 cases according to the epidemiology time and curve that is studied by the local government, including the mapping based on time curves.
Regional administrations are also tasked to calculate their own preparedness for several human aspects such as fulfilling the basic needs of people as the PSBB will restrict people’s way to make a living.
They must also calculate the budgets needed to support the fulfillment of healthcare tools, help support industries that support PSBB and social assistance, they must also be able to meet the security standards under the PSBB restriction. The Health Ministry will only process the proposals after all of the requirements are met.
On April 29, 2020, there are three provinces and 22 regencies/cities that have imposed the PSBB restriction. This number grew to 27 on May 13, 2020.
Wilayah PSBB di Indonesia per 29 April 2020
Indonesia PSBB Regions per April 29th, 2020
Pada 29 April 2020, ada tiga provinsi dan 22 kabupaten/kota yang yang menerapkan PSBB. Belakangan, pada 13 Mei 2020, meningkat menjadi empat provinsi dan 27 kabupaten/kota.
Di Ibu Kota, Gubernur DKI Jakarta Anies Baswedan menetapkan pemberlakuan PSBB pada 10 April 2020. Ketika itu pasien positif Covid-19 di seluruh Indonesia telah mencapai 3.512 orang, terbanyak ada di Jakarta dengan 1.753 kasus.
Pada grafis berikut, bisa dilihat penyebaran kasus positif Covid-19 di seluruh kelurahan di DKI Jakarta. Lantaran jumlah testing belum memadai, hitungan kasus positif tidak bisa memberikan gambaran yang penuh mengenai penyebaran infeksi, karena semakin banyak testing Covid, semakin banyak pula kasus positif. Namun, visualisasi berikut cukup untuk memperlihatkan persebaran daerah-daerah riskan Covid-19.
Back in the capital city, Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan officially announced the PSBB on April 10, 2020. At the time, nationwide COVID-19 cases reached 3,512 people with Jakarta recording the most cases with 1,753.
In the following visualisation, we can see the spread of positive Covid-19 cases in each of DKI Jakarta’s boroughs. It needs to be said that the spread of positive cases does not mean that the PSBB is not effective in containing Covid-19, it only shows how many areas are Covid-19 positive. The amount of positive cases cannot be used as a measurement to see the spread of the virus itself, as with Covid-19 tests becoming more and more prevalent in the capital, so too would the case count rise.
Inilah persebaran virus sebelum PSBB diberlakukan. Indonesia menghitung kasus pertama Covid-19 pada 2 Maret 2020. Tapi, Jakarta dan pemerintah daerah lainnya baru mulai menghitung kasus secara resmi pada 25 Maret 2020.
You can see here the spread of Covid-19 before the PSBB protocol was enacted. Indonesia counted its first case of Covid-19 on 2nd of March 2020, however, Jakarta and other provincial governments have only started to count their cases much later - with Jakarta counting theirs from the 25th of March 2020.
Dalam kurun waktu satu minggu, jumlah daerah yang terinfeksi Covid-19 naik tajam dari 152 kelurahan menjadi 193 kelurahan.
Here, we can see that Covid-19 has spread from 152 boroughs at the start of the case count to 193 boroughs in the span of one week.
Dan ini situasi Jakarta di minggu setelahnya, pada saat Anies sedang mengajukan penerapan PSBB ke Kementerian Kesehatan.
This is the situation in Jakarta the following week, as Governor Anies Baswedan applied for the PSBB protocols to be enacted in Jakarta to the Health Ministry.
Berikut persebaran Covid-19 setelah protokol PSBB diberlakukan dan jumlah testing per hari meningkat. Mulai terlihat wilayah yang bisa dikategorikan sebagai area riskan Covid-19 karena banyaknya kasus positif dalam area tersebut.
And here we can see the spread of Covid-19 cases after the protocols have been enacted and testing starts to be a priority among the people. The spread shows areas that can be categorised as a risk due to the heavy amount of positive cases.
PSBB di Jakarta berlaku selama 14 hari dan dapat diperpanjang jika masih ditemukan penyebaran infeksi virus Covid-19. Nyatanya Anies terus memperpanjang PSBB dan baru mulai melonggarkan pembatasan pada awal Juni 2020.
One PSBB phase lasts for 14-days and can be extended depending on the spread of the COVID-19 infection. Anies Baswedan continued to extend the PSBB period before gradually lifting the restrictions in early June.
Google Covid-19 Community Mobility Reports 2020 menyimpulkan masyarakat Indonesia cukup patuh terhadap protokol PSBB. Laporan ini mencatat pergerakan orang ke tempat-tempat umum, menggunakan data lokasi GPS dari Google Maps. Laporan menggunakan akktivas masyarakat pada saat kondisi normal sebagai baseline dengan nilai 0. Mobilitas orang dihitung dari seberapa banyak perubahan pada nilai baseline ini. Menurut laporan ini, pergerakan orang berkurang semenjak penerapan PSBB dan kampanye “di rumah saja“.
According to Google’s community mobility reports 2020, Indonesians are considered to be relatively obedient with the PSBB. These mobility reports are created using GPS data collated from Google Maps. There is a baseline of activity that the reports count as the zero value, and mobility is seen from how much movement has changed from this base value. Community mobility saw reduction since the PSBB was imposed along with “stay home” campaigns in March.
Laporan Google memperlihatkan pergerakan orang masih banyak pada Februari 2020, tapi mulai berkurang pada Maret 2020. Penurunan aktivitas terjadi di tempat-tempat umum seperti taman, toko, halte bus dan stasiun kereta komuter listrik (KRL), Mass Rapid Transit, Light Rapid Transit, tempat rekreasi, dan perkantoran.
This report shows community movement consistently high in February but gradually dropped in March. The drop took place in public facilities such as parks, stores, bus stops and commuter lines, MRT, LRT, recreational spots and offices.
Pergerakan orang sebenarnya sudah jauh berkurang pada April 2020. Akan tetapi, menurut ahli epidemiologi dari Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Indonesia, Pandu Riono, menjelang Hari Raya Idul Fitri masyarakat mulai melanggar protokol PSBB. “Di bulan puasa penduduk tidak lagi patuh, keluar mencari takjil, belanja di bulan Ramadan, sehingga kembali terjadi kenaikan," katanya, Rabu, 20 Mei 2020.
Kepala Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja DKI Jakarta, Arifin, membenarkan terjadi banyak pelanggaran terhadap kebijakan PSBB sepekan menjelang hari raya Idul Fitri. Pelanggaran yang teebanyak, menurut dia, terjadi di pasar yang biasa melayani kebutuhan warga menjelang Lebaran.
Pada 24 Mei 2020, hari pertama Lebaran, sebanyak 275 orang mendapat surat teguran dari petugas penjaga Pos Pengamanan PSBB di Jakarta. Mayoritas pelanggar adalah pengendara motor yang tidak mengenakan masker dan sarung tangan.
People’s mobility actually saw a significant drop in April 2020, but the epidemiologist from the University of Indonesia’s public health faculty revealed that people started to violate PSBB restrictions nearing the Eid al-FItr celebration. “Public disobedience happened during the holy month of Ramadan, they went out for iftar and went shopping, which caused a rise,” said Riono on May 20.
Head of Jakarta’s Public Order Agency, Arifin, corroborated Riono’s statement by revealing that there were numerous PSBB violations the week heading to the Eid al-Fitr celebration especially at markets that supply people’s needs ahead of the ‘lebaran.’
Right at the Eid celebration on May 24, 275 people were given formal warnings from Jakarta’s PSBB PAM post. Most violators were motorcyclists who did not wear face masks and gloves.
Grafik Kenaikan Kasus
Periode : 23 April - 23 Mei 2020Case Increase Graph
Period : April 23 - May 23, 2020Di tengah kurva yang masih naik serta masyarakat yang mulai tak mematuhi PSBB, pemerintah berencana melonggarkan pembatasan sosial. Presiden Joko Widodo bahkan mewacanakan berdamai dengan virus.
“Sekali lagi kita harus berdampingan hidup dengan Covid. Sekali lagi yang penting masyarakat produktif dan aman dari Covid," kata Jokowi dalam pernyataan resminya di Istana Merdeka, Jakarta, Jumat, 15 Mei 2020.
Jokowi mengatakan hidup berdampingan dengan Covid-19 tidak berarti menyerah terhadap penyakit itu. Akan tetapi, pemerintah akan mengatur agar kehidupan masyarakat kembali normal sambil terus mengedepankan protokol kesehatan. Pernyataan inilah yang kemudian ditafsirkan sebagai rencana pemberlakuan new normal di Indonesia.
Banyak pihak mengkritik rencana ini, salah satunya Epidemiologi dari Griffith University, Dicky Budiman. Dia tidak setuju dengan ide pemerintah melonggarkan PSBB.
Ia berpendapat rencana ini tak didukung data valid terutama angka reproduksi kasus (Ro) sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. “Intervensi baru bisa dianggap berhasil jika nilai Ro semakin menurun setelah intervensi, hingga mendekati nol, yang artinya tidak lagi terjadi penularan,” ujar Dicky, Senin, 11 Mei 2020. Ro adalah koefisien yang menunjukkan tingkat penularan oleh setiap pengidap virus.
Pada Juni 2020, Indonesia bersiap memasuki era normal baru. Hal ini disampaikan langsung oleh Presiden Joko Widodo.
Pemerintah DKI Jakarta mengumumkan akan memberlakukan periode transisi dimulai pada 5 Juni 2020. Sejumlah skenario protokol pembatasan sosial disiapkan demi menekan angka penularan harian. Gubernur Anies Baswedan juga menyiapkan Kebijakan Rem Darurat (Emergency Break Policy) jika protokol dilanggar.
Keputusan tersebut mengkhawatirkan karena data grafis memperlihatkan, pada periode 22 Mei hingga 5 Juni kasus-kasus positif baru Covid-19 masih terus bermunculan di Jakarta.
Amidst the curve that kept on climbing, many people started to disobey the PSBB restrictions, the government announced plans to relax the restrictions. President Joko Widodo had even hinted on ‘making peace with the virus.’
“Once again, we must live alongside COVID-19. What is important is for people to remain productive and safe from Covid,” said the president at the MErdeka Palace on Friday, May 15.
Jokowi suggests that living alongside COVID-19 does not necessarily mean we have given up in fighting the virus. The fight remains but with greater health protocol. The government will set the situation where people’s lives would gradually return to normal. This statement built the perception that the government plans to introduce a ‘new normal’ in Indonesia.
This plan was met with opposition, Dicky Budiman, Griffith University epidemiologist was one who disagreed with the government’s plan to loosen the PSBB.
He argues that the government’s plan is not based on valid data, especially the case reproduction rate before and after intervention. “Intervention can only be considered a success if the Ro continues to drop after the intervention and drops close to zero, which means there will no longer be any infections,” said Dicky on Monday, May 11.
Regardless, in June 2020, President Joko Widodo made the announcement that Indonesia is preparing to enter the new normal phase.
The Jakarta administration announced and imposed the transitional period that starts on June 5. A number of social restriction protocol scenarios have been prepared in order to suppress the daily infections rate. Governor Anies Baswedan also prepared an emergency brake policy if protocols are violated.
However, data shows that when Governor Anies extended the PSBB protocols on the 22nd of May, Jakarta was still full of positive Covid-19 cases.
Kasus positif baru meningkat pesat setelah Anies menerapkan PSBB transisi pada 5 Juni.
The spread of positive cases has also risen exponentially as Governor Anies put the city in a relaxed PSBB state on June 5th.
Saat ini virus sudah menyebar di hampir semua wilayah di DKI Jakarta.
Currently, the spread of positive Covid-19 cases has affected the entirety of Jakarta.
Jakarta, Indonesia, dan dunia tidak akan kembali lagi seperti sedia kala. Virus Covid-19 akan tetap ada bahkan setelah vaksin ditemukan. Penerapan normal baru diharapkan dapat menjamin keamanan dan kesehatan masyarakat saat bekerja, bersekolah, berdagang dan melakukan kegiatan lainnya. Tapi banyak yang malah mengkhawatirkan gelombang penularan kedua.
Jakarta, Indonesia, and the rest of the world will never return to the world we know of. The COVID-19 virus will continue to exist. The new normal is hoped to guarantee people can conduct daily activities such as going to work, school, open business, and other activities, while putting-forth health protocols.
Salah satu yang tidak setuju dengan pelonggaran PSBB adalah wakil dari Koalisi Warga untuk LaporCovid-19, Irma Hidayana. Dia menilai rencana normal baru yang akan diiringi dengan pelonggaran pembatasan sosial ini tak berdasarkan data yang memadai.
Representative of the coronavirus watchdog Koalisi Warga untuk LaporCovid-19, Irma Hidayana, argues that the new normal that the government will enact, along with restriction relaxations is not based on sufficient data and is.
Grafik Kenaikan Kasus
Periode : Periode 5 Juni - 19 Juni 2020Case Increase Graph
Period : June 5 - June 19, 2020“Kurva epideminya mana? Apakah kita sudah punya?” kata Irma dalam diskusi virtual, Ahad, 17 Mei 2020.
Menurut Irma, saat ini kasus Covid-19 justru meningkat, baik itu jumlah Orang Dalam Pemantauan (ODP), Pasien Dalam Pengawasan (PDP), kasus positif, maupun pasien yang meninggal. Data Irma berbeda dengan klaim pemerintah bahwa kasus Covid-19 cenderung melandai.
Irma argues that the call to make peace with COVID-19 and the numerous relaxations were acted on weak pieces of evidence. “Where is the epidemic curve? Do we already have it?” said Irma in a virtual discussion on Sunday, May 17.
She said COVID-19 cases are actually on the rise, whether the ODP (people under monitoring), PDP (patients under monitoring), positive cases, and the death toll. These records are a stark difference to the government’s claim that the COVID-19 curve tends to be more flat.
Kasus Positif di Indonesia per 5 Juni 2020
Positive Cases in Indonesia per June 5th, 2020
"Keputusan transisi menuju ‘new normal’ dengan membuka kembali aktivitas ekonomi harus didasari pada indikator yang terukur dengan data-data yang bisa dipercaya secara ilmiah dan transparan,” ujar Irma.
Analis sosial politik Universitas Negeri Jakarta Ubedilah Badrun menilai pernyataan Jokowi tentang normal baru merupakan upaya pemerintah untuk lepas dari tanggung jawab. "Itu sama saja pemerintah membuka sebuah lapangan untuk bunuh diri massal," kata dia, Senin, 18 Mei 2020.
“The decision to enter the new normal, by reopening economic activities, must be based on calculated indicators that are transparent and is based on reliable scientific data,” said Irma.
Social analyst from the Jakarta State University, Ubedilah Badrun, argues that President Joko Widodo’s statement about entering the new normal is a way to run from his responsibility. Ubedilah also questions the research for the new normal. “This is as if the government is opening a field for mass-suicides,” said Badrun on Monday, May 18.
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